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They produce several growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor or ciliary neurotrophic factor to promote OPC development and CNS myelination and they aid in the removal of myelin debris 20,21,22,23,24,25. Intercellular connections between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are vital for the proper functioning of oligodendrocytes. In vitro studies showed that mature oligodendrocytes are able to form myelin like membranes and myelin sheaths that enwrap axons as they do in vivo 4,18,19
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GABAergic neurotransmission through interneurons is known to modulate local neuronal circuits via, for example, activation of dopaminergic (Dewey et al., 1992) and serotonergic neurons (Andrade et al., 1986). In conjuction with MR-Imaging it could link glutamate release to brain activation during, i.e., working memory tasks. A useful approach to assess glutamate release in vivo in humans might be a pharmacological stimulation of the glutamatergic system with positron emission tomography (PET) using a glutamate-receptor radioligand. How gender differences in response to stressors are modulated by hormonal status is extensively reviewed by Cohen and Yehuda (2011). The second part of the review focuses on the discussion of these findings in the context of neuropsychiatric diseases that display a substantial sexual dimorphism, such as affective disorders and Alzheimer's disease.
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